Background Of Jason Baldwin s Life - 2119 Words

Background Jason Baldwin was born on February 17, 2008 at Bellevue Hospital located in Manhattan, New York. Mrs. Baldwin, Jason’s mother, gave birth to her son one week post term via a Cesarean at 6 pounds 5 ounces. Jason was declared a healthy baby boy and was discharged three days later. Jason Baldwin currently lives in the Bronx, New York with his mother, Abigail Baldwin, father Joseph Baldwin and his sister Kayla Baldwin. Mr. Joseph Baldwin is 46 years old and was born and raised in Greece, where he completed his bachelors degree. Mr. Baldwin came to the United States in 1997 and is currently self employed. Abigail Baldwin, Jason s mother, is 36 years old and was also born and raised in Greece, where she received her high school diploma. Mrs. Baldwin came to the United States in 2005 and is currently a nurse at Montefiore Hospital. Jason s sister, Kayla Baldwin is 15 years old and is currently attending the Bronx Lab High School. In 2011, Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin expressed some concerns regarding Jason s speech and language development. Mrs. Baldwin stated that Jason did not start speaking until he was two years old. Mrs. Baldwin reported that Jason was exposed to both Greek and English at home. He was primarily exposed to English while watching TV and communicating with his sister and Greek when interacting with his parents. At the age of three, Jason was diagnosed with Austin. â€Å"Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder characterized by impaired social interaction,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of West Of Memphis 1290 Words   |  6 Pagesthan credible backgrounds, and most importantly let the palpable anger of the city dictate how shifty they come up with accusers to take the fall for the triple murder. In a like manner, the fervor felt carries a specific kind of distinction. The triple murder occurred in Arkansas. This state, along with several others is considered the bible-belt of America. This moniker can be directly attributed to Judeo-Christian roots. As such, a religious lens is used to interpret how life unfolds. In thisRead MoreSouth Korean Automotive Industry3084 Words   |  13 PagesJason Choi Student ID: 910687406 Professor Simeon IBUS 690_01 Automotive Industry in South Korea I. Introduction (Sector Analysis) A. Country Background Known as one of the Four Asian Tigers, South Korea, officially known as the Republic of South Korea has become a major force in today’s globalized economy. With a population of just around fifty million people, South Korea has a thriving economy, which is Asia’s fourth largest economy with a GDP (nominal) of $1.151 trillionRead MoreTeacher Action Research Paper on Reading Deficiencies in 2nd Grade Students12146 Words   |  49 Pagesquarter, 75% of the students will score 80% or higher on the Core Textbook Reading Test †¢ Objective #3: By the end of the 2nd quarter, 90% of students will meet and/or exceed the target number of words as measured by the Dibels assessment 6 Background and Setting -------------- Elementary School is an urban neighborhood school that serves the Florida area. The school was built on a tract of land that is approximately 9 acres. It is surrounded by Oakland Park Boulevard to the North, several rentalRead More A Jewish Reading of Milton Essay3143 Words   |  13 Pagesdebate over the extent of Milton’s access to primary sources or whether he used translations and secondary information from Christian Hebraists. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreProject on Risk Management46558 Words   |  187 Pagesthan any other types of banks in India. Now   there are more than 35000 Branches in India .Investments of scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) also saw an increase from Rs   8,04,199 crore in March 2009 to Rs 8,43,081 crore in the same month of 2009. India s retail-banking assets are expected to grow at the rate of 18% a year over the next  four years (2009-2013). What does the competitive market landscape look like for the Indian Banking Industry? - How the services drive the Banking Sector in India?

Atlanta Race Riot Free Essays

Taylor Schultz History 1100 Dr. Howard November 15, 2010 Influences of the Atlanta Race Riot â€Å"A city lay in travail, God our Lord, and from her loins sprang twin Murder and Black Hate. Red was the midnight; clang, crack and cry of death and fury filled the air and trembled underneath the stars when church spires pointed silently to Thee. We will write a custom essay sample on Atlanta Race Riot or any similar topic only for you Order Now And all this was to sate the greed of greedy men who hide behind the veil of vengeance† (Primary Source 20, line 20). The Atlanta Race Riot occurred in 1906 in Atlanta, Georgia. Many innocent African Americans were murdered by hostile mobs of white men. Racism and hatred towards African Americans had been around long before the Atlanta Race Riot, but previously built tensions of jealousy, hostilities, abuse of blacks and whites eventually lead to this event. Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Dubois, and many other African American and white leaders tried to gain respect from whites for the black community and earn equality, but the majority of whites were not willing to cooperate. The main influences of the Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 were poor whites and the â€Å"sexual assaults† they accused blacks of, politics, and media releases. After slavery had ended, and African Americans were free, whites still felt that they held a power over the blacks. So, when African Americans were becoming more successful, by owning their own pharmacies, grocery stores, and businesses the poor and middle class whites were not thrilled. These white classes were angry, because blacks were accomplishing more and making better wages then they were. The poor whites were so furious that they started creating mobs against all African Americans accusing them of wrong doings that many had no part in. The men composing the mobs, which created the disorder were principally of the hoodlum class† (Primary Source 13, page 7). Anytime a white man even heard of an African American touching a white woman, mobs would immediately form and attack, often killing a black man who looked remotely close to what the victim described him as. In 1906, the Savannah Morning News reported â€Å"there were four attempted assaults on white women by negroes in and around Atlanta today, and these and the publication of them in extras led to the gathering of the mob which killed ten or fifteen Negroes in the city tonight† (Primary Source 11, page 1). African Americans were not given the chance to go to court for any of the trials and were killed without proper identification by the court. It was getting to the point where blacks could not even walk outside their homes at night without being hunted by the white mobs; â€Å"attack spread rapidly and within a few moments the appearance of a Negro was the signal for a riot. The Negroes scattered from the streets, going to their homes by back alleys, or flocked to Decatur Street, the home of the tougher element† (Primary Source 12, page 2). All of these lynchings and outburst of rage from the poor whites over â€Å"sexual assaults† from black men towards white women were not fair towards the blacks. It was a way of whites getting back at blacks because of their own personal issues of jealousy, hostility, and personal self-assurance that they were better. After a long fight to gain freedom, African Americans wanted political equality. Many black philosophers and educators had their own views on how political equality should be met. Booker T. Washington was a black man who had been born into slavery and had gained his independence. He was a highly successful man who attended an Agricultural Institute. He founded the Tuskegee Institute, providing technical education for African Americans. Washington believed that blacks needed to work hard to show whites that they had value, so that eventually whites would realize this and accept black equality. â€Å"Washington was willing to accept social, residential, commercial, and educational subordination†(Secondary Source 1, page 46). On the other hand, W. E. B. Dubois was another successful black man whose views differed from Booker T. Washington. Dubois grew up in a largely white community, earned a PhD at Harvard, and believed that equality should be pushed for and gained as soon as possible. African Americans sided with both views from Washington and Dubois and had faith and believed that no matter which strategy worked it would eventually lead them to gaining equality. But, most elite whites wanted no part of it. Once white elites had heard speeches from both these leaders and knew what a good majority of blacks wanted, they came up with scandals to get African American’s votes. Many Democratic and Republican parties promised African Americans that if they gave their vote to them, they would stop lynching and crime rates would go down. â€Å"The party in which gave them the ballot had really no means of protecting them in the enjoyment of it† (Primary Source 8, page. 291). Laws like the Klu Klux Klan Act and The Compromise of 1850 were put in place during voting times to stop prejudice and violence, but once votes were gained, acts were dropped, giving none of the protection to African Americans that they had been promised. The whites, on their side, rather helped this plan by the savage means to which they resorted on those States in which the Negros were in majority, to overturn or prevent Negro rule† (Primary Source 8, page. 291). The Media attention that was brought up during the times of the Atlanta race Riot became a large influence on the whites and their bias opinions towards blacks. For the most part, the media sided with the whites, an d encouraged the white people to start uproars with their black neighbors. The media loved all the press that they were able to release at this time in 1906, because they knew it would get a lot of attention, and people would believe everything they were posting. When the Riots were at their highest, Mayor Woodward wrote, â€Å"I am thankful for all the papers that did not join in the business of getting out extras Saturday night. Many of the reports that were published were not only fuel to the fire, but entirely false† (Primary Source 5, page. 1). This statement shows that the media approved violence and did not mind the killing of innocent people, because it gave them something to broadcast about. When these mobs saw that they were getting press from the media, they started to consider themselves famous â€Å"protectors of the people†. â€Å"Flaring headlines in the special editions of the afternoon papers wrought the populace to a high pitch of excitement† (Primary source 13, page 2). Even though the media had no proof of reporting rapes or crimes that black men had done they would still write about them. Eventually, it got to the point where African Americans were getting fed up, and even announcing to places like the New York World saying, â€Å"There has been no carnival rapes in and around Atlanta. There has been a frightful carnival of newspaper lies† (Secondary Source 2, page 153). The white mobs already had so many racist views on blacks without the media leaking in, so when the media did decide to write alleged reports accusing the blacks falsely, it swept up the intensity and encouraged whites to be more violent then they ad ever been before. The Atlanta Race Riot caused many unnecessary deaths, and lead to more hostilities between blacks and whites then there had ever been. Although many events caused the Race Riot, the main ones were: the bad judgments poor whites held against blacks, and their horrendous approaches at getting back at them, the disagreement on political views from whites and blacks, and the media that influenced and encouraged whites to rebel against blacks and cause violence instead of trying for equality. Leaders and protectors stood by and watched deaths occur, and nobody tried to make any changes until after the Riot took place. If whites and blacks had come together and taken away prejudice views and hatred towards each other, they could have accomplished more things and many innocent people could have lived. How to cite Atlanta Race Riot, Papers

Concept of Measurement in Accounting

Question: Discuss the concept of measurement in accounting and examine the limitations of present value as a measurement base in providing decision-useful information by supporting your arguments with the help of research articles (Use at least two research articles from academic journals). Answer: Introduction This report is intended to evaluate different cost valuation methods. There are three main methods for the valuation of financial items. These methods are fair value method, present value and historical cost. Market Value is the normal value of comparable assets according to request and supply of the benefit in current connection. Fair value is characterized as "the sum for which a benefit could be traded, an obligation settled, or a value instrument allowed could be traded, be-tween educated, willing gatherings in an a safe distance exchange." Fair value is accordingly a business sector based measure. IFRS has progressively called for utilization of fair value estimations in the financial proclamations. Valuation Concepts From the given explanation, we see that hypothetically we may accept that a business uses a specific resource valuation strategy for every one of its assets. There are distinctive resource valuation strategies and diverse assets that a business holds. There is nobody best resource portfolio and nobody best resource valuation strategy for the paper and down to earth achievement record. So as to gain more insight about it, we should comprehend 3 fundamental resource estimation methodologies; they're, (Fair value measurements, 2006) 1. Valuation at historical cost: Historical Value is the valuation of benefit at the aggregate buy cost or obtaining cost of the advantage (Diewert, 2005). Littleton uncovers that historical cost accounting is best for financial reporting according to financial bookkeepers because of its reproducibility properties. Thus, however an old hypothesis, adjusting the historical cost valuations of assets is best left to administration accounting (Littleton, 1956). According to the historical cost technique, assets are valued at the cost at which they were bought. According to the historical cost technique, assets are deteriorated every year at straight line or reducing parity strategy. IASB likewise requires that if an advantage is measured at historical cost, it ought to be impairment tried every year. On the off chance that the benefit is overvalued, an impairment cost ought to be charged in the announcement of financial execution and resource ought to be valued down. 2. Valuation at business sector value:. For this situation, the income approach has been used to evaluate the business sector value of Origin Energy and the value determined would include all the unmistakable/intangible assets used in the business (Australian Property Institute API, 2012). The assets that use market value methodology are significantly investment securities. According to the Market Value Method, assets are valued at the existing Market Value at which they can be bought. According to the Market Value Method, assets are deteriorated yearly at straight line or reducing equalization strategy. IASB likewise requires that if an advantage is measured at Market Value Method, it ought to be impairment tried every year. In the event that the benefit is overvalued, an impairment cost ought to be charged in the announcement of financial execution and resource ought to be valued down. Valuation at Fair value: Under fair value, the harmony cost is inferred at a point of selling or transferring liabilities. (Harrison and Horngren, 2001) Such an exchange is held between business sector players/members at future date. In Origin, the fair value of value-based swaps and future costs are figured using the present value (PV) of the anticipated trade streams out the future and obtainable business sector forward costs. According to the fair value technique, assets are measured at it fair value. The fair value can be of two sorts. Firsts it can be the value at which the benefit can be sold or purchased in an exchange in light of a safe distance. Also the help's fair value can be the present value without bounds financial advantages that could be accomplished from the benefit. The present value without bounds monetary advantages can be computed using a proper rebate rate. All the financial assets are essential part of the aggregate assets. These financial assets are computed on the premise of Fair valuation. (Ijiri, 1981)According to the AASB 13 standard, the combined firm has set up control structure as for the estimation of fair values (Australian Accounting Standards Board AASB, 2013) AASB 138 manages the acknowledgment, estimation and administration of intangible assets. Intangible assets are the assets which can't be seen or that are not physical assets. However there are a few issues confronted by the organizations accounting using AASB 138. These issues include the way that these assets are normally internally produced and in numerous cases it is hard to value these assets. One of the significant issues in the fair value strategy is that there could be a few swings in the fair value of the benefit. Such variances in the value of the benefit could bring about inappropriate gains and misfortunes being recorded in the financial statements. Moreover the fair value technique doesn't consider the historical point of view of the assets. It doesn't represent the real thought paid for the securing of assets. Hence it may not be fair to record the benefit at a value at which it was not bought. Furthermore the fair value strategy disheartens the investor for the situation of descending revaluations as in such cases a misfortune is recorded in the financial statements which consequently lessens the net income that would be dispersed to the investors. The idea of Cash Generating Unit is produced by the International Financial Reporting Standards board to survey if there is impairment in the assets. Using such strategy, it is conceivable to quantify the money streams got from the assets. However there are some blemishes in the techniques recommended, for example, the Value in Use can be determined by discounting the future money streams that would be earned from the Cash Generating Unit yet there is no legitimate strategy gave to determine the rebate rate to ascertain the present value of money streams. Also despite the fact that the CGU is valued all the more precisely, yet the individual values of the assets may not be so exact. To survey if any impairment is required the book value or the carrying value is contrasted and the recoverable measure of the Cash Generating Unit. The recoverable measure of the Cash Generating Unit is the higher of the business sector value or the fair value of the Cash Generating Unit and the Value in Use of the benefit. (Jaedicke, Ijiri and Nielsen, 1966) However the business sector value of these assets may hard to determine. It is untrue in down to earth stadium for a business to pick one methodology. It is because a business may have various assets that request to be valued with various aforementioned approaches. Two general classifications of assets in an association are 1) current assets which include transient assets and 2) non-current assets like altered/long haul assets, investment and attractive securities and intangibles. Limitations of Present Value Method The utilization of present value investigation in not-for-profit elements experiences the same real restriction that happens in the corporate region. The issue with this system is that if the installment timetables are not altered in a legitimate assention, it is hard to make exact conjectures of future cash flows. As the timeframe under examination turns out to be more stretched out into the future, the unwavering quality of anticipated cash flows turns out to be more off base. From a hypothetical perspective, anticipating cash flows into the future for a long time or increasingly and applying the idea of reduced cash flows is conceivable. Along these lines, the value of extensive resources can undoubtedly be contrasted with each other with dissuade mine which is the slightest costly option for the not-for-profit association. Challenges start to emerge when these cash projections are taken out of a hypothetical connection and connected to genuine circumstances. In certifiable circum stances, ordinarily it is exceptionally difficulty to develop cash stream projections out into the far off future as a result of the difficulty of precisely anticipating the cash flows from a venture. Hypothetically, this method is pertinent to long-go examination, however practically speaking, long-extend cash stream projections are known not erroneous. As a result, the use of genuine operation systems have been connected to these circumstances.' In numerous cases, genuine alternative techniques experience the ill effects of a portion of the same constraints confronting present value strategies. Historical Cost and Fair Value IFRS requires that organizations represent and report numerous advantages and liabilities on the premise of obtaining cost. This is frequently alluded to as the historical cost guideline. Cost has an imperative point of interest over different valuations: It is by and large thought to be an unwavering representation of the sum paid for a given thing. To represent this point of preference, consider the issues if organizations select current offering cost. Organizations may experience issues building up a value for unsold things. Each individual from the bookkeeping office may value the benefits in an unexpected way. Further, how frequently would it be important to build up deals value? All organizations close their records in any event every year. Be that as it may, some figure their net wage each month. Those organizations would need to put a business value on each benefit every time they wished to decide pay. Commentators raise comparable protests against current cost (re-position c ost, present value of future money streams) and whatever other premise of valuation aside from historical cost. Shouldn't something be said about liabilities? Do organizations represent them on a cost premise? Yes, they do. Organizations issue liabilities, for example, bonds, notes, and records payable, in return for resources (or administrations), at a settled upon cost. This cost, built up by the ex-change exchange, is the "cost" of the obligation. An organization uses this add up to record the risk in the records and report it in financial explanations. Along these lines, numerous clients favor historical cost since it furnishes them with an evident benchmark for measuring historical patterns. Fair Value Principle Fair value is characterized as "the sum for which a benefit could be traded, an obligation settled, or a value instrument allowed could be traded, be-tween educated, willing gatherings in an a safe distance exchange." Fair value is accordingly a business sector based measure. IFRS has progressively called for utilization of fair value estimations in the financial proclamations. This is regularly alluded to as the fair value prin-ciple. Fair value data might be more helpful than historical cost for certain sorts of benefits and liabilities and in specific businesses. For instance, organizations report numerous financial instruments, including subsidiaries, at fair value. Certain commercial ventures, for example, business houses and common assets, set up their essential financial proclamations on a fair value premise. Essentially, in the horticultural industry, natural resources, for example, yields and domesticated animals, am measured on the premise of net feasible value. Net feasibl e value for the most part approximates fair value for these as-sets. In these circumstances, there is a prepared and dynamic business sector for these advantages. Along these lines, the novel way of these commercial enterprises requires a takeoff from historical cost for fair value estimation. At beginning securing, historical cost rises to fair value. In consequent periods, as business sector and financial conditions change, historical cost and fair value regularly veer. In this manner, fair value measures or gauges regularly give more significant data about the normal future money streams identified with the advantage or obligation. For instance, when seemingly perpetual resources decrease in value, a fair value measure decides any impedance misfortune. For this situation, fair value estimation, it is contended, gives better knowledge into the value of an organization's benefit and liabilities (its financial position) and a superior premise for evaluating future income prospects. The 1ASB has likewise stepped of giving organizations the choice to utilize fair value (alluded to as the fair value alternative) as the premise for estimation of financial resources and financial liabilities. (5] The Board considers fair value more important than historical cost in these circumstances since it mirrors the present money identical value of financial instruments. Thus organizations now have the alternative to record fair value in their records for most financial instruments, including such things as receivables, ventures, obligation securities, and financial liabilities. Some restrict the development to fair value estimation. They contend that quantify in view of fair value brings expanded subjectivity into bookkeeping reports, when fair value data is not promptly accessible. For instance, it is anything but difficult to touch base at fair values when markets are fluid with numerous dealers, yet fair value answers are not promptly accessible in different circumstances . For instance, how would you value the home loan upheld resources held by Societe Generale (FRA) and Barclays (GBR) if the business sector for these securities basically vanishes? In these circumstances, organizations may depend on valuation models taking into account marked down anticipated that money streams would touch base at fair value estimations. Clearly, a lot of mastery and sound judgment is expected to touch base at measures that are representationally dependable." As showed above, we in the blink of an eye have a "blended quality" framework that allows the utilization of historical cost and fair value. Despite the fact that the historical cost standard keeps on being a critical premise for valuation, recording and reporting of fair value data is expanding. A few reactions have been made against the utilization of fair value. A significant number of these contentions allude to the expanded instability of fair value bookkeeping measures and the outcomes thereof. Notwithstanding, in doing as such, they truth be told raise the more crucial issue of the genuine capacity of bookkeeping models and the importance of sifting or, in actuality, better mirroring the real instability of monetary action. On the other hand, different reactions underline the unjustified increment in the unpredictability of profit and shareholders' value as an aftereffect of a certain abandonment of the going concern rule. The most habitually refered to feedback concerns resources not exchanged on a productive business sector, which are thus valued on the premise of inner models. Spoilers stretch the absence of objectivity and nonpartisanship in these valuations, and the loss of unwavering quality and similarity because of the utilization of inner models (Allen and Car letti 2008a). Different commentators contend that the utilization of the fair value bookkeeping model suggests taking a fleeting way to deal with the administration of an organization. Finally, certain depreciators of this model push the restrictive cost of getting data, given the constrained value of fair value information for clients. Notwithstanding the expanding prevalence of this bookkeeping show, the utilization of fair value as a general valuation rule represents various down to earth issues and raises real issues. Despite the fact that the advantages credited to fair value techniques are for the most part the aftereffect of deductive thinking, suspicions and even attestations, the feedback regularly originates from fears instead of genuine deficiencies that have been pinpointed in an experimental way. The presentation of valuation in financial reporting brings up the issue of the authenticity of bookkeeping techniques and highlights the requirement for a hypothetical investigation system. The last by and large alludes to the effectiveness of capital markets as a working theory.25 The most generally utilized system includes looking at the impact of a bookkeeping decision, for example, fair valueavailable value of a specimen of organizations, where the cost is seen as a total measure of future income gauges. T he hypothesis of instructive convenience connected with a bookkeeping decision is substantial on the off chance that it is conceivable to set up a critical connection between the bookkeeping decision and the adjustment in the cost or Market to Book Ratio. Since a specific measure of time is required before the utilization of benchmarks can be surveyed, the accessible exact concentrates fundamentally concern either the managing an account segment and, all the more frequently, the impacts of the presentation of SFAS 107 or 115 or the goodwill debilitation value-significance over the post-SFAS 142 administration. Be that as it may, it is now conceivable to make certain determinations in connection to our targets from this work. AAB 117: Leases Verifiably, lease accounting has been disputable: characterization methods give extension to residents to pick a sought order restricting equivalence of financial statements. As the statement of financial position of a renter with operating leases does exclude an equal resource and obligation, it has gotten to be ordinary for a few clients of accounting reports to valuably underwrite operating leases to decide the proportional effect on the statement of financial position 'as though they had been named finance leases. Capitalisation may materially affect the outfitting proportions of organizations, as is exhibited in the accompanying case of Qantas. Data separated from the 2009 Qantas preparatory last report and yearly report, which is imitated in the Accounting in center inverse, gives a knowledge into the ramifications of the capitalisation and expensing alternatives passable under AASB 117 for Qantas' air ship, which are named operating leases. Albeit operating leases are not appe ared on the statement of financial position, their comparable quality can be generally decided from the divulgences required by AASB 117. As the intentional data supplied by Qantas in its 2009 preparatory last report shows, the option characterization and accounting treatment would substantially change its influence (adapting) proportion (that is, the relative extents of obligation and value in the capital structure of the organization). Lease accounting is the subject of continuous survey by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). It has a noteworthy undertaking set up and has proposed significant changes to hone. It has contended that all lease contracts make rights and commitments which offer ascent to assets and liabilities that is, the renter perceives a benefit for its entitlement to utilize the leased thing and perceives a risk for its commitment to pay rentals. A lease is an agreement between a lessor, the proprietor of an advantage, and a resident, a gathering with the privilege to utilize the benefit for a predetermined time of lime consequently for rental installments. AASB 117 para. 4 characterizes a lease as an assention whereby the lessor passes on to the renter consequently for an installment or arrangement of installments the privilege to utilize a benefit for a concurred timeframe. The title given to the course of action is not unequivocal in its characterization. For instance, procure buy contracts, which give the hirer of an advantage with a choice to secure title to the benefit upon the satisfaction of concurred conditions, likewise fits inside the meaning of a lease. So also, a game plan that takes the authoritative document of a lease may not be delegated a lease for the reasons for AASB 117, as talked about beneath. Renting is a prominent type of obtaining assets. One or a greater amount of the accompanying points of interest may make renting more alluring than responsibility for resource protection of money (where there is no up front installment the renting course of action completely finances access to the leased resource); settled installments, which keep away from the danger of changes in loan costs; less prohibitive pledges than different types of getting; tax collection favorable circumstances (a lessor may pass tax cuts back to a renter who genera lly may not he ready to exploit charge motivations); financial reporting focal points (reeling sheet financing, as showed in the accompanying case of Qantas). AASB 117: Leases applies to all leases including the exchange of a privilege to utilize assets (other than non-regenerative assets), understandings including identifiable impalpable assets, and assentions that are contracts for administrations that exchange the privilege to utilize assets. It likewise limits the estimation of leases to avoid those represented under other accounting gauges; particularly, leases including venture property (AASB 140: Investment Property) and recovering assets (AASB 141: Agriculture). Leases are named either finance or operating leases. The AASB Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements para. 51, states: In evaluating whether a thing meets the meaning of a benefit, risk or value, consideration should be given to Its basic substance and monetary reality and not only Its authoritative document. Accordingly, for instance, For the situation of finance leases, the substance and financial the truth are that the renter secures the monetary advantages of the utilization of the leased resource (or the significant piece of its helpful life consequently to enter into a commitment to pay for that privilege a sum approximating to the (air estimation of the benefit and the related finance charge. Vence, the finance lease offers ascend to things that fulfill the meaning of a benefit and an obligation and are perceived thusly in the tenant's monetary record AASB 117 emphasizes the direction gave in the Framework; finance leases exchange significantly the greater part of the dangers and prizes of proprietorship while operating leases don't. The pertinent definitions from skillet. d of AASB 117 are imitated beneath: A float:release is a lease that exchanges considerably all the dangers and prizes coincidental to responsibility for resource. Title could conceivably in the long run be exchanged. An operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease. The prizes of possession identify with the advantages got from utilizing the benefit and any thankfulness in its resale esteem toward the end of the lease. The dangers of possession identify with any failure to determine the full expected advantages from use, devaluation in resale quality, and out of date quality. Title, or proprietorship, is not vital to the meaning of an advantage; it is adequate that the substance controls the advantages anticipated that would spill out of the property (Framework para. 57). At the point when a lease exchanges considerably all the dangers and prizes of proprietorship it is delegated a finance lease and the accounting treatment (perceiving an advantage and risk) will be practically identical to the treatment of a buy of a benefit with obligation financing. As a matter of course, leases that are not finance leases curve operating leases. Operating lease installments are expensed, ordinarily similarly, over the term of the lease. AASB 117 Para. 33 states Lease installments under an operating lease might be perceived as a cost on a straight-line premise over the lease term unless another methodical premise is more illustrative of the time example of the client's advantage. This guideline applies even where the installments are not set aside a few minutes. As some time recently, the lease installments bar administration charges for upkeep and protection, being represented independently by the renter as costs connected with operations as opposed to finance. Translation 115: Operating LeasesIncentives gives direction on the most proficient method to perceive impetuses in renting game plans. Motivating forces are instigations to go into or restore a renting plan and incorporate money installments by the lessor to the resident, the installment of certain expenses for the benefit of the tenant, (for example, leasehold upgrades), and times of no or diminished rental. The translation requires that the motivators be incorporated into the net thought regardless of how the installments are made, with the renter perceiving the impetuses as a diminishment in rental cost over the term of the lease, again on a straight-line premise, if proper. Finance leases speak to assets and liabilities of the resident. The advantage mirrors the privilege to utilize the benefit and the risk is a commitment to make future lease installments. At the initiation of the lease term, the benefit and the obligation are perceived at indistinguishable sums (balanced for direct expenses acquired by the tenant). The sum is measured as the lower of reasonable esteem and present estimation of least lease installments (marked down at the understood loan cost or the tenant's incremental obtaining rate). AASB 117 para. 20 is replicated in full beneath: At the initiation of the lease term, tenants might perceive finance leases as assets and liabilities in their statements of financial position at sums equivalent to the reasonable estimation of the leased property or, if lower, the present estimation of the base lease installments, each decided at the commencement of the lease. The rebate rate to be utilized as a part of computing the present estimation of the base lease installments is the financing cost understood in the lease. in the event that this is practicable to decide; if not, the renter's incremental obtaining rate should be utilized. Any underlying direct expenses of the tenant are added to the sum perceived as an advantage. The lease installments are isolated into interest and key segments as portrayed in AASB 117 para. 25: Least lease installments should be allotted between the finance charge and the diminishment of the remarkable risk. The finance charge should be distributed to every period amid the lease term in order to deliver a consistent occasional rate of enthusiasm on the remaining equalization of the risk ... In the case of BHP Billiton, company used AASB 117 for its lease accounting. It had both operating and finance lease. In case of finance lease, company had recognized an asset and a subsequent liability. In the case of operating lease, company expensed out the operating lease payments in the income statement. Conclusion On the whole it could be said that Fair value is accordingly a business sector based measure. IFRS has progressively called for utilization of fair value estimations in the financial proclamations. This is regularly alluded to as the fair value principle. The issue with this system is that if the installment timetables are not altered in a legitimate assention, it is hard to make exact conjectures of future cash flows. As the timeframe under examination turns out to be more stretched out into the future, the unwavering quality of anticipated cash flows turns out to be more off base. References Fair value measurements. (2006). Norwalk, Conn.: Financial Accounting Standards Board of the Financial Accounting Foundation. Harrison, W. and Horngren, C. (2001).Financial accounting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Ijiri, Y. (1981).Historical cost accounting and its rationality. [Vancouver, B.C.]: Canadian Certified General Accountants' Research Foundation. Jaedicke, R., Ijiri, Y. and Nielsen, O. (1966).Research in accounting measurement. [Madison, Wis.]: American Accounting Association. Jaedicke, R., Ijiri, Y. and Nielsen, O. (1986).Research in accounting measurement. New York: Garland Pub. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (2007).Financial accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Macdonald, G. (1974).Profit measurement. London: Haymarket Pub. Magnan, M. and Thornton, D. (2009).Fair value accounting. Montreal, Que.: Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations. Welsch, G. and Anthony, R. (1977).Fundamentals of financial accounting. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin.

New Deal free essay sample

Despite many dissatisfied Americans, the national mood was mixed as the 1932 election approached. Many discouraged Americans had blamed themselves for their economic hardships. Other unemployed Americans felt the deeper frustrations of the nation’s economic hardships. Regardless of their circumstances, most Americans believed that something completely new had to be tried. The Republicans unenthusiastically renominated Hoover, while the Democrats turned to New York governor Franklin Roosevelt. The Democrats won the 1932 election and Franklin Roosevelt was elected as president (The Election of 1932). Roosevelt won with his personal charm and willingness to experiment. Elected in November, Roosevelt would not begin his presidency until March 1933. Meanwhile, Americans suffered through the worst winter of depression. Unemployment continued to climb, and in three major industrial cities in Ohio, it was staggering, from 50 percent to 80 percent (Henretta, James A. ). Even with the help from private charities and public relief agencies, the needy were hardly helped at all. We will write a custom essay sample on New Deal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nation’s banking system was so close to collapsing that many state governors closed banks temporarily to avoid further withdrawals. At this time, the nation had hit rock bottom. The ideas between Hoover and Roosevelt were not much different. Both wished to maintain the nation’s economy and to save capitalism. They also believed in a balanced government budget and praised the values of hard work, and sacrifice. Roosevelt’s willingness to experiment made him more popular and more effective than Hoover. His New Deal programs put people to work and restored hope for the nation’s future. Roosevelt’s New Deal shocked Americans because it was so different from anything presented by other presidents. His close relationship with the American people was critical to his political success. Roosevelt’s use of the radio, especially his â€Å"fireside chats,† made him a special presence by comforting millions of Americans (The Fireside Chats). In Roosevelt’s â€Å"Hundred Days,† Congress enacted fifteen bills that focused on four problems that focused on banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and unemployment. The New Deal had an immense impact on American’s lives. Its principles of social welfare liberalism transformed Americans’ relationship with the government and provided assistance to the unemployed, the elderly, workers, and racial minorities. During the New Deal labor unions increased because of the Wagner Act, which upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions. These labor unions began to take political action, as well as beginning an alliance with the Democratic Party. The ultimate goal of the separation of public aid and social insurance was that social policy must either effectively incorporate social and cultural values that relate to the evaluation of individuals or use programs to create common social and political interests among large groups of dissimilar people. The separation of social insurance and public aid in the American model segregated the poor and marginal people in the work force from social programs. The separation also created a class that was dependent on programs that were less than generously funded and always seemed to be at the center of controversy. The losers in this American policy model were women, children, and people of color, because they all had a lower probability of having their needs well met by work-based social insurance (National Labor Relations Act (1935)). The banking system was the nation’s economic backbone, which soon failed, causing consumer spending and business investment to decrease. Widespread bank failures had cut into the savings of nearly nine million families. Bank failures also had account holders race to withdraw their funds. Roosevelt’s main focus was to tackle the nation’s economy and get banks back up and running. On March 5, 1933, Roosevelt closed all banks and four days later, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act. This act permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed that they had sufficient cash reserves. When Roosevelt reopened the banks, he reassured citizens of the safety of their money because deposits exceeded withdrawals. He also created the Glass Steagall Act, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. This act insured deposits up to $2,500 and prohibited banks from making risky investments. Roosevelt also allowed the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates by removing the U. S. Treasury from the gold standard (Powers, n. pag. ). After battling the weak banking system, Roosevelt and Congress then turned to agriculture and manufacturing. Farmers were always given cheap prices for land and low interest rates but the problem was overproduction. To solve this problem, Roosevelt created the Agricultural Adjustment Act. This act provided money to farmers who cut production of produce like cotton, rice, and tobacco. By supplying farmers’ money, they hoped farm prices would rise as production fell. The Agricultural Adjustment Act briefly stabilized the farm economy until the benefits became unevenly distributed. Roosevelt also created the National Industrial Recovery Act and the National Recovery Administration to help improve the declining industries production. The National Recovery Administration created self-governing associations in hundreds of industries. In order for industries to begin their own self-governing associations, they had to agree on prices and production quotas. The National Recovery Administration limited the power of large businesses so smaller businesses could gain consumer interests (National Recovery Administration). Both the Agricultural Adjustment Act and the National Recovery Administration were created to improve the U. S. ’s industries and stabilize the economy, and left many positive effects (Agricultural Adjustment Act). One of the most widespread problems Americans faced was unemployment. Private charities had done all they could and soon looked to Washington for help. Trying to help the people, Roosevelt asked Congress to provide relief for the millions of unemployed Americans. In response to the president, Congress established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which provided federal funds to state relief programs (Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)). The New Deal was a proven way that put people to work because in 1933 and a month after Congress established the Public Works Administration, over 2. 6 million men and women were put to work. The Public Works Administration was a construction program where Americans repaired bridges, built highways, and constructed public buildings. A more long-term program was the Civilian Conservation Corps, which consisted of 250,000 men to do conservation work. The Civilian Conservation Corps built bridges, roads, trails in many state and national parks (Public Works Administration). Throughout this period, women continued to play a prominent role in social welfare policy and program development. They had achieved suffrage in 1919 and had leadership roles in many organizations that promoted social services and social reform. However, the policies that developed from the depression emphasized the traditional role of women in social and economic life and tied the interests of women to maternity, childcare, and marriage. Groups such as African Americans, had a more visible role in the New Deal than in any previous government, but the New Deal coalition depended on southern Democrats and was constrained from supporting full equality. This was a time of legal segregation in the American South, and although organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had some visibility, civil rights gains were hard to come by. The employment programs of the New Deal did try to reduce discrimination, and Roosevelt ultimately created a Fair Employment Practices Commission in 1941. However, programs like the New Deals Agricultural Adjustment Act displaced thousands of minority farmworkers while compensating farm owners, and programs like Aid to Dependent Children would come to be seen as both prohibiting the economic participation of women and contributing to family problems (Batlan, n. pag. ). The civil rights movement had been a continuous element in American life, but it took on a new character after World War II. Beginning with the Montgomery bus boycott and the response to the murder of Emmett Till, it led to widespread protests and often-violent responses by southern authorities and segregationist individuals and groups. Martin Luther King, a young Baptist minister, became a national figure when the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee brought thousands of college students to work for voter registration in the South. The Kennedy administration was pressed to support a variety of measures that were introduced into Congress, and the administration proposed its own civil rights bill. In June 1963, President Kennedy gave a passionate television speech on behalf of the bill and the civil rights of African Americans. The speech was seen as courageous and a position that came to symbolize the Kennedy presidency for many Americans. That Civil Rights bill passed Congress in 1964 and became one of the hallmarks of American social policy (Lovey). The Supreme Court joined the civil rights forces in the 1950s, while adding to the historical pressure for sweeping legislation. After World War II, the federal courts began to protect the civil rights of minorities in specific circumstances, gradually making it possible for African Americans to participate in some activities on an equal basis with whites. The Supreme Court took its most memorable step in this direction when it agreed in 1954 to hear a case dealing with racial segregation in public schools. The practice of separating African American and white children in public schools had always been unpopular among civil rights leaders. These civil rights leaders saw proper education as a means for African Americans to escape racial discrimination. They argued that the segregation in schools doomed African Americans to inferior education and deprived whites and African Americans of an important educational experience. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court struck down the legal support for maintaining â€Å"separate but equal† educational facilities (Public Broadcasting Service). Although political pressures prevented President John F. Kennedy’s administration from proposing legislation to Congress in 1961 and 1962, the President took steps to ensure minority rights in voting, employment, housing, transportation, and education. The stage was set for a new legislative initiative to deal with the problem of federal protection of civil rights. Until the New Deal, blacks had shown their loyalty to the party of Abraham Lincoln by voting Republican. By the end of Roosevelts first administration, however, one of the most dramatic voter shifts in American history had occurred. In 1936, 75 percent of black voters supported the Democrats. Blacks turned to Roosevelt, mostly because his spending programs gave them a measure of relief from the Depression and the Republican Party had done little to repay their earlier support. Following the 1955 unification of the American Federation of Labor with the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the AFL-CIO became an ally of civil rights organizations. Martin Luther King spoke of the shared goals of the civil rights and labor movements, noting in his 1961 address to the fourth AFL-CIO national convention that both African Americans and union members were fighting for decent wages, fair working conditions, livable housing, old age security, health and welfare measures, conditions in which families can grow, have education for their children, and respect in the community. New Deal free essay sample ProgressAdministrationAt the darkest hour of the Great Depression, Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered the White House in 1932, promising a new deal for the American people. The package of legislative reforms that came to be known as the New Deal permanently and dramatically transformed the politics and economy of the United States. In the field of relief, the New Deal proved to be highly successful. However, in terms of reform, the New Deal legacy may have been unmatched in American history. Although the new deal temporarily ramped up industry to meet the demand for war goods, thus displaying its temporary effectiveness, droves of workers were kept out of jobs and the government expanded its role in our economy and changed the federal government for the rest of American time. Through the numerous relief programs, the temporary effectiveness of the New Deal can clearly be seen. The opinions of many politicians from The Evening Star are seen in Document C. We will write a custom essay sample on New Deal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was written in the middle of the New Deal Era in 1934 and seems to be in complete support of the actions of the New Deal. In it the viewer is able to see the government and its policies evolving. Rather than a revolution, a forcible overthrow of a government for a new system, it is evolution, the gradual development of something. The picture depicts a scholarly man transforming into a growing, functional tree. Essentially the political cartoon is displaying that an economy can grow without artificial regulation necessarily, as a natural progress, and just like a tree, can potentially live forever. With an adequate amount of care a tree can function and grow even more so. This idea corresponds directly with the New Deal for it, through government care, is only a part of the economy evolving, a natural process. With this document the potential effectiveness of the New Deal can be seen. In document E, the Social Security Act is promoted in an advertisement towards the end of the New Deal Era. The Act responded to the pitfalls of old age, poverty, unemployment, dependent widows, and fatherless children by providing benefits to retirees and the unemployed, as well as a lump-sum at death. President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly. It combated the widespread poverty among senior citizens. The government program provided income to retired wage earners. The Act benefited numerous people, and to this day is still one of the most popular government programs. Through the advertisement the public is given a friendly invitation into the application of social security therefore displaying the openness and the potentially benefit for the community. Thus, the effectiveness of the New Deal is clear. Document G is directly from the NBC radio broadcast in December of 1936, the last year of the new deal. The broadcast holds opinions regarding the unions during the New Deal Era. It states that employers have failed to enforce the use of unions and labor unrest had been created. In contrast, many believed Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s administration to be beneficial for organized labor. FDR needed the support of labor, and labor needed the support of the national government. He urged the passage of the National Labor Relations Act which increased the rights of unions and created the National Labor Relations Board. The Taft-Hartley Labor Act was amended to enlarge the powers of the NLRB and allowed the government to intervene in strikes affecting the nations safety or health. The NRA set minimum wages and maximum hours. It eliminated child labor and established the right of workers to organize. This, as opposed to Document G, allowed for collective bargaining. Despite the unconstitutionality of the NRA, in 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed which set minimum wages and a maximum work week of 40 hours. Although the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed after the New Deal Era, the effectiveness and legacy of the New Deal can be seen in the follow up with labor laws and wages. The ideals of the New Deal Era prove its effectiveness that can still be seen today. Furthermore, the relief programs greatly expanded the federal government, which, such as the effectiveness of the New Deal, can still be seen today. The unnecessary and unjust regulation of interstate commerce can be seen in Document F. In it the reader can see the opinion of Charles Evans Hughes, a lawyer and Republican politician. Potential bias can be seen in the document for the New Deal made the Democratic Party the majority party during the Era; partly because the New Deal programs of FDR created a liberal political alliance made up of labor unions, blacks and other ethnic and religious minorities, intellectuals, the poor, and some farmers. These groups became the backbone of the Democratic Party for decades following the Depression. Hughes notes one of the changes in behavior of the federal government. This period, more than any other, defined the federal government as an active and extensive participant in regulating the nations private economy. Politicians can note the federal government’s new attempt to regulate businesses to a larger extent. The new regulation of interstate commerce reveals the government as much more controlling than in past years and begins to expand the powers of the federal government. The change in the federal government can clearly be seen through Document F. As opposed to Document F, Document H from The New Republic in May of 1940 pinpoints the successes of the New Deal. The document reviews the New Deal and has a potential bias towards the positive aspects of it, essentially implying that there were no flaws. It states the new strength and renovation of government. The New Deal instituted a number of reforms in almost every area of the economy: finance, agriculture, labor, industry, and consumer protection; each of which are government programs. Although, contrasting this document, conservatives argue that the New Deal brought too much government intervention in the economy, as seen in Document F. However the New Deal did carry a great accomplishment, it maintained and even restored the faith of the American people in their government. The new deal expanded government’s role in our economy, by giving it the power to regulate previously unregulated areas of commerce. Those primarily are being banking, agriculture and housing. The author of such editorial clearly approved of the expansion of government for they point out the new strength in the executive branch and the courts, both of which had changed due to the federal government. However in Document D, the economic reality of the government programs can be seen. It was written two years before the termination of the New Deal Era and states the large addition to the national debt due to the government programs. The New Deal changed the way businesses operated to help make sure people were paid more fairly. All the New Deal programs were paid for, and run by, the government; and thus, the government’s debt grew a great deal. The U. S. debt was 22 billion dollars in 1933 and grew by 50 percent in the three years that followed, reaching 33 billion dollars. For example the Federal Emergency Relief Administration gave five million dollars to states, cities, and towns, in efforts to repair the once â€Å"broken† places. Furthermore the Works Progress Administration put people into work in their own communities. However this was the New Deal’s most expensive program at 11 billion dollars. Although the New Deal programs did give hope to the American people, because of the over expansion of federal government as well as the large addition to the national debt, the New Deal’s effectiveness economically declines. The New Deal’s apparent natural course, social security, and enforcement of unions clearly display its effectiveness for the American people. However, speaking economically, the New Deal brought the nation even further into national debt and greatly expanded their powers into unnecessary aspects, such as interstate commerce. For the sake of the American people and uplifting their spirits from the downturn during the Great Depression, the New Deal was extremely effective. However, because of large change in federal government and deeper entry into national debt, the New Deal loses some of such effectiveness. Because of reasons presented, it is that the New Deal was effect and greatly changed the federal government. New deal free essay sample Predictably, Roosevelt’s New Deal came under attack from the right, from Republicans, conservative Democrats, bankers, and Wall Street financiers who claimed that it doled out too many federal handouts. Many of these critics also feared that the policy and programs involved were a dangerous step toward socialism and the destruction of the American capitalist system. Such misgivings were understandable given the political atmosphere in the 1930s, as communism was becoming a more imminent threat. In fact, Soviet agents in the United States went so far as to launch a â€Å"popular front† campaign to actively support the president. Moreover, an unprecedented number of people joined the American Communist Party during the decade. Perhaps more surprising, the New Deal also came under attack from the far left. Many socialist activists denounced the New Deal because they believed that it was too conservative and that it did not provide enough relief and assistance. We will write a custom essay sample on New deal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over the years, many historians have tended to agree with this argument. Several have argued that the Great Depression would not have been so devastating for so long had Roosevelt handed more federal money out to a greater number of Americans. Coughlin and Long One of the most vocal of Roosevelt’s critics was Father Charles Coughlin. A Catholic priest from Michigan, Coughlin began broadcasting a weekly radio show in 1930 that outwardly criticized the New Deal. Within a few short years, Coughlin had amassed a following of 40 million listeners who agreed with his anti–New Deal opinions. He blamed the Great Depression on Wall Street, crooked financiers, and Jews and campaigned for the nationalization of the entire American banking system. Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana was another major thorn in Roosevelt’s side, albeit from the left rather than the right. Long was among those who believed that the New Deal was not doing enough to help Americans. Believing that income inequality had caused the depression, he promoted his own â€Å"Share the Wealth† program (sometimes referred to as theâ€Å"Every Man a King† program), which would levy enormous taxes on the rich so that every American family could earn at least $5,000 a year. Long enjoyed enormous popularity during the first few years of Roosevelt’s first term but was assassinated in 1935. The Works Progress Administration The first major legislation that Roosevelt and Congress passed in the Second New Deal—in response to the critics—was the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Created in 1935, the WPA was an effort to appease the â€Å"Longites† who clamored for more direct assistance from the federal government. The WPA was similar to the Public Works Administration of the First New Deal, this time hiring nearly 10 million Americans to construct new public buildings, roads, and bridges. Congress dumped over $10billion into the projects in just under a decade. The Social Security Act Congress also passed the Social Security Act in 1935, creating a federal retiree pension system for many workers, funded by a double tax on every working American’s paycheck. The act also created an unemployment insurance plan to provide temporary assistance to those who were out of work, while also making funds available to the blind and physically disabled. Furthermore, Congress agreed to match federal dollars for every state dollar allocated to workers’ compensation funds. Despite its vocal critics, the Social Security Act had an enormous impact on Great Depression–era Americans and future generations. It brought the most sweeping change of the Second New Deal legislation as it not only gave income to some of the most destitute in society but also forever changed the way Americans thought about work and retirement. The paycheck taxes were advertised as a personal retirement savings plan even though those tax dollars were actually being redistributed as soon as they were collected. Nevertheless, retirement came to be seen as something every worker could enjoy. Still, many criticized the Social Security system for not extending pensions to enough people, particularly unskilled black and women laborers. Legislation for Farmers and Homeowners The Second New Deal provided even more assistance to farmers. After the Supreme Court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Administration unconstitutional in 1936, Democrats immediately responded with the passage of the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act that same year. This act continued to subsidize farmers to curb overproduction and also paid them either to plant soil-enriching crops (instead of wheat) or to not grow any crops at all. In 1938, Congress also created a Second Agricultural Adjustment Administration to reduce crop acreage. Meanwhile, the United States Housing Authority (USHA), created by Congress in 1937, gave assistance to American urbanites, building new houses for over half a million Americans. The Indian Reorganization Act Native Americans also received federal assistance during Roosevelt’s second term. In 1934, Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act(IRA) to promote tribal organization and give federal recognition to tribal governments. The IRA also reversed the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act, changing the relationship between various tribes and the federal government. The Dawes Act had weakened tribal affiliations because it stated that only individual Native Americans—not tribal councils—could own land. Despite Roosevelt’s efforts to alleviate Native American suffering, however, the IRA was only partially successful. Some tribes had difficulty understanding the terms of the new treaty, while others, such as the Navajo in the Southwest, flat-out rejected it. Many tribes saw more immediate benefit from relief programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration, and Works Progress Administration, in which nearly 100,000 young Native American men participated. Labor Reforms These labor reforms had a lasting effect on America. The Wagner Act paved the way for more effective collective bargaining and striking, and within a year, fledgling labor unions had I-line workers in the General Motors automobile factory, for example, used the Wagner Act to initiate a series of sit-down strikes, in which workers would sit at their stations and refuse to leave, preventing the company from hiring new, non-union â€Å"scab† workers to fill in for the strikers. By 1937, General Motors had recognized its workers’ right to organize. The Election of 1936 With the 1936 presidential election on the horizon, Republicans stood virtually no chance against Roosevelt and his party. Democrats’ efforts to provide relief, recovery, and reform were highly visible. Roosevelt had especially strong support among blacks (voting as Democrats in large numbers for the first time), unskilled laborers, and residents of the West and South. The Republican nominee was Kansas governor Alfred M. Landon, a moderate who campaigned on an anti–New Deal platform. Not surprisingly, Roosevelt won a landslide victory, with 523 electoral votes to Landon’s 8. Roosevelt’s resounding victory proved that Americans widely supported the New Deal. he First Hundred Days Americans voted for Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 on the assumption that the Democrats would dole out more federal assistance than Hoover and the Republicans had. Indeed, immediately after taking the oath of office, FDR set out to provide relief, recovery, and reform in his bundle of programs known as the New Deal. Roosevelt drew much of his inspiration for the New Deal from the writings of British economist John Maynard Keynes, who believed that a government’s deficit spending could prime the economic pump and jump-start the economy. With the support of a panicked Democratic Congress, Roosevelt created most of the â€Å"alphabet agencies† of the First New Dealwithin his landmark First Hundred Days in office. The Banking Acts On March 6, 1933, two days after becoming president, Roosevelt declared a five-day national bank holiday to close banks temporarily. During Hoover’s presidency, roughly 1,500 banks had closed each year, and FDR hoped that a short break would give the surviving banks time to reopen on more solid footing. Several days later, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which gave Roosevelt the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange. Several months later, Congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act to protect savings deposits. The act, in turn, created theFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured an individual’s savings of up to $5,000 (today, it insures deposits of up to $100,000). The act also regulated lending policies and forbade banks from investing in the stock market. After the banking crisis was resolved, Roosevelt aired the first of his â€Å"fireside chats† to over 50 million radio listeners, encouraging Americans to redeposit their money in the newly opened banks. The Civilian Conservation Corps In March 1933, Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which hired unemployed young men to work on environmental conservation projects throughout the country. For a wage of thirty dollars a month, men worked on flood control and reforestation projects, helped improve national parks, and built many public roads. Approximately 3million men worked in CCC camps during the program’s nine-year existence. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration The â€Å"Hundred Days Congress† also created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), in May 1933, to dole out roughly $500 million to the states. About half of this money was earmarked to bail out bankrupt state and local governments. States matched the other half (three state dollars for every one federal dollar) and distributed it directly to the people. FERA also created the Civil Works Administration (CWA), which helped generate temporary labor for those most in need. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration Roosevelt also encouraged the creation of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to assist America’s farmers. The AAA temporarily reset prices for farm commodities, including corn, wheat, rice, milk, cotton, and livestock, and then began subsidizing farmers to reduce production. Before the depression, many debt-ridden farmers had increased crop production in order to earn more money. Ironically, this increased production had led to overproduction, which flooded the market and drove prices down, forcing farmers to plant even more the next year in a never-ending cycle. The AAA, however, began paying farmers extra to plant less or destroy their surplus crops in order to raise prices again. Congress also passed the Farm Credit Act to provide loans to farmers in danger of bankruptcy. The AAA was quite controversial, as many critics wondered why landowners rather than sharecroppers and tenant farmers were receiving federal aid. Indeed, some landowners who received aid unjustly used it to purchase farm equipment, which had the potential to eliminate farm owners’ need for sharecroppers and tenant farmers entirely. Furthermore, many poorer and hungrier Americans were outraged that the government was paying farmers money to destroy perfectly edible crops in order to inflate prices. Despite these criticisms,  however, the AAA did manage to raise prices to their pre–World War I highs. The Tennessee Valley Authority Congress also created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), whose goal was to modernize and reduce unemployment in the Tennessee River valley, one of the poorest and hardest-hit regions in the country. The agency hired local workers to construct a ser ies of dams and hydroelectric power plants, which brought cheap electricity to thousands of people. The public corporation also created affordable employee housing, manufactured cheap fertilizer, and drained thousands of acres for farming. The TVA, like the AAA, was highly controversial. Many conservatives claimed that government production of electricity was a mild form of socialism and that it disrupted market prices too much. Competing electric companies also attacked the TVA for selling cheaper electricity and lowering their profits. Still, the TVA had such a profound impact on the economy and quality of life in the Tennessee River valley region that the federal government initiated similar projects throughout the West and South. Within a decade, many major U. S.  rivers were set up to produce hydroelectric power that provided both electricity and jobs. The National Industrial Recovery Act The 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act was the federal government’s first attempt to revive the economy as a whole. The bill created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to stimulate industrial production and improve competition by drafting corporate codes of conduct. The NRA also sought to limit production of c onsumer goods to drive up prices. Furthermore, the act helped set up the Public Works Administration(PWA) to construct public roads, bridges, and buildings. In accordance with Keynesian economic theories, Roosevelt believed that improving the public infrastructure would put more money into the economy. Restructuring American Finance Finally, Roosevelt also lobbied Congress to establish new regulations on the financial sector of the economy. After taking office, he took the country off the gold standard, which allowed citizens and foreign countries to exchange paper money for gold. To prevent people from hoarding the precious metal, the president also ordered all private gold stocks to be turned over to the U. S. Treasury in exchange for paper dollars. Congress also created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate trading on Wall Street and curb the out-of-control speculation that had led to the Crash of 1929. The Three Rs and Their Legacy Although the New Deal sometimes comes across as a cohesive package, much of the individual legislation passed during the First Hundred Days was conceived on the fly. So many special interest groups, such as big business and organized labor, were hounding the government for change that Roosevelt and Congress often felt they were being pulled in opposite directions. Nevertheless, the New Deal policies did much to get Americans back on their feet. They not only provided relief, recovery, and reform but also drastically changed the federal government’s role in politics and society. Roosevelt’s successful application of Keynes’s economic theories transformed the Democrats into social welfare advocates. Even decades after the Great Depression, Democratic politicians would continue fighting for more government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, and aid for the neediest. Relief Much of the legislation that the Hundred Days Congress drafted doled out immediate relief for the American people that President Hoover and the Republicans had failed to provide. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration’s relief assistance, for example, provided millions of Americans with enough money to make ends meet. The Civil Works Administration put the unemployed to work, and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the National Recovery Administration, and the Public Works Administration kept millions of others alive as well. Americans were so relieved by the federal government’s quick action that many became die-hard Democrats and Roosevelt fans. The president’s optimism and can-do attitude, combined with the success of his immediate relief programs, made him almost politically untouchable during his first term. Recovery Many of the same programs designed to provide immediate relief were also geared toward long-term economic recovery. The Civilian Conservation Corps  and the Public Works Administration put millions of men to work not only to keep them employed but also to improve the national infrastructure. When the United States finally emerged from the Great Depression during World War II, it had hundreds of new roads and public buildings, widespread electrical power, and replenished resources for industry. Reform The third goal of the New Deal policies was to reform the banking and financial sector of the economy to curb bad lending practices, poor trading techniques, and corruption. The president’s decision to take the country off the gold standard proved to be a smart move because it boosted people’s confidence in the U. S. dollar. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, created under the Glass-Steagall Act, eliminated untrustworthy banks that had plagued the country for more than a century. Once Americans became confident that their funds would be safe, the number of bank deposits surged. Likewise, the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934, which weeded out bad investment habits, gave Americans more confidence in the stock market. The Good Neighbor Policy Although foreign policy often got lost in the shuffle amid the domestic economic concerns of the New Deal, Roosevelt did create a major international initiative with Latin America in the Good Neighbor Policy of1933 and 1934. As part of the initiative, Roosevelt embarked on a tour of the region; signed new, friendlier treaties with several Latin American countries; pledged to avoid military intervention in Latin America; and shunned the (Theodore) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine by withdrawing troops from several countries.